{"id":5362,"date":"2015-06-15T15:58:28","date_gmt":"2015-06-15T20:58:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/?page_id=5362"},"modified":"2018-10-18T18:53:43","modified_gmt":"2018-10-18T23:53:43","slug":"through-the-macroscope","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/through-the-macroscope\/","title":{"rendered":"Through the MACROSCOPE"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Through the MACROSCOPE:<br \/>\nthe legacy of H.T. Odum<\/h2>\n<p>In the world of science that we live in there are two kinds of people: Odumites and others. This is not simply an observation by us or the others whom we believe would universally agree, but also a statement often made by many other ecologists and scientists with only an indirect connection to Odum. We might add, even our own students would agree with the observation. It is usually followed with the explanatory statement that \u201c ... almost everyone who has been touched by the ideas and especially the presence of H.T. Odum was never quite the same again\u201d. His classes were often so intellectually exciting that we could think of almost nothing else.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/col_img_macroscope.png\" alt=\"col_img_home\" width=\"565\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Where even his simplest statements would ripple through our intellect causing waves of excitement and discussions that would carry us well into the night. Many of us felt that we were standing next to some huge dynamo, with our hair standing on end from the induced currents. Somehow, after being immersed in HT's ideas, theories, and philosophies we felt as if we stood on a taller hill, looking farther with a broader overview of the surrounding landscape. Most of us still feel that way. So we often used the term \"Odumite\" to describe those of us who had been touched by what we saw as the genius of H.T. Odum.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, those who have expressed almost open hostility to the ideas and theories of HT often used the term, \"Odumite\" in a derogatory manner. In fact, HT disliked the term, because it made him, instead of his ideas, the center. As he stated on numerous occasions, ideas are bigger than an individual and when they are identified with an individual they can easily be dismissed ... not because the ideas are wrong, but because the individual is not well liked. When people focus on the individual instead of the idea, it becomes an issue of personalities and egos, instead of discussion and collegial discourse. So it was often easy to brand those of us who were \"followers\" of H.T. Odum as Odumites, and the belief in Odum\u2019s ideas as \"Odumania\" (see for example M\u00e5nsson and McGlade, 1993). In somewhat of a reverse sting, some ecologists have identified \"systems ecology\" as the culprit that has moved ecology away from an organismal orientation and therefore its underpinnings in the dual realities of natural history and community ecology. Since H.T. Odum was one of the main proponents of systems ecology, his ideas were blasphemous to them and those of us that believed them were Odumites, not to be trusted in a world where reductionism and small scale biology held rein. To most of us however, systems ecology was not the problem, but the solution. In the words of HT... \"If the bewildering complexity of human knowledge developed in the twentieth century is to be retained and well used, unifying concepts are needed to consolidate the understanding of systems of many kinds and to simplify the teaching of general principles.\" (Odum, 1994).<\/p>\n<p>Ecology should be, at least in our view, not just about species and populations but about systems and about synthesis, about how systems of different scales operate along common principles and are constrained by common energetics, and about how plant and animal populations are largely determined over space and time by environmental factors. It is through ecology and an understanding of the systems, hierarchies, and dynamic behavior of the natural world that we might gain an understanding of our place within it. Nature is about all levels of organization and to us it is problematic that ecology is often taught within biology departments, where species-or population-oriented biologists represent the highest level of complexity. Odum was a systems ecologist, no doubt. He worked tirelessly throughout his career to firmly establish it as a science, but more than that, to expand and advance the science. Believing that diversity begets innovation, he embraced the approaches of others (more so in his later life) suggesting that the field was stronger as a result of the diversity of approaches and systems languages of others.<\/p>\n<p>Peculiarly, some ecologists said that he was not a believer in Darwin\u2019s theories. In fact Odum believed in natural selection operating at every level all the time and relentlessly. He was perhaps the strongest Darwinian we knew.<\/p>\n<p>His Darwinian perspective even extended to his own ideas, for he said on more than one occasion \u201clet the future sort out my good ideas from those that are not so good\u201d. He, more than most, worked throughout his career orchestrating several interests into a complex symphony of field ecology, experimental measurement, theory, and policy. Over the span of 50 plus years, this symphony resulted in hundreds of publications that did not always fit neatly into academic departments or disciplines. Beginning with ecological studies of Silver Springs and the coral reefs of Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific, and continuing with the Bays of Texas\u2019 Gulf coast, the Luquillo Forest of Puerto Rico, the saltmarshes of North Carolina\u2019s coast and finally the cypress wetlands of Florida, Odum\u2019s ecology was always big scale, experimental, and measurement oriented. These studies yielded however, theory, and a macroscopic, systems approach oriented toward understanding the \u201cwhole\u201d and placing humanity smack in the middle. There was no question in his mind that humans were part of these systems or that humans ultimately controlled them...the only question was, could Odum convince the rest of humanity (especially ecologists) that this was so.<\/p>\n<p>In many respects the division of H.T. Odum\u2019s life work into several sections having different subject content is artificial at best, and in fact might be the antitheses of what he would have wished. Throughout his life, there was a continuum of thought, research, scientific inquiry, and generation of theory along several threads that were never abandoned or left behind. His life\u2019s work was a tapestry of projects, both large and small, woven together into a collective whole that was far greater than the sum of its individual parts. At times Odum worked with whole ecosystems taking measurements and developing new techniques for measuring production, respiration and the transfer of energy through trophic networks. Even so, as Scott Nixon has noted, his knowledge of the taxonomy of individual species was often profound. At other times he worked with microcosms and simulation models, trying to emulate the larger world in aggregate. He was an engineer, when necessary, devising his own instruments when need arose. At times he was an artist, conjuring up diagrams and pictures to get his points across when words were not enough. In all cases, Odum was striving for clarity out of the \u201cthe bewildering complexity of human knowledge developed in the twentieth century...,\u201d trying to \u2018see\u2019 the essence of nature and man-nature interactions, the pervasiveness of energy relations, and to develop understanding.<\/p>\n<p>He had a single-minded drive for understanding. It is impossible to recall a time when he was at a loss for a \u201csystems\u201d observation as to why something was as it was nor a time when he could not find something positive to say to a junior colleague or caught without an encouraging word for one of his students These are the things that most shaped our image of H.T. Odum, as scientist and teacher. These represent the legacy that he left us.<\/p>\n<div class='dt-sc-toggle-frame-set'><h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>1. What we know about the young Howard Odum<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\"><p>Howard Thomas Odum was born in 1923 to Howard Washington and Anna Louise Odum in Chapel Hill North Carolina. He was the third child of the elder Odums following his Brother Eugene (b. 1913) and sister Mary Francis (b. 1919). Their father was a forward thinking and creative sociologist who in many ways defined and redefined the science of sociology in the South. Their mother was a very intelligent and cultured woman. Their house was often full of the intense conversation of other intellectuals visiting the Odums, and it is clear that the intellectual environment for the young Odums must have been extremely interesting.<\/p>\n<p>Without detracting from the accomplishments of Eugene Odum, perhaps the more well known of the two remarkable brothers, Mary Frances, their sister, often referred to HT as \u201cthe gifted one\u201d, but went on to say \u201chis habit of very rapid speech sometimes meant that his ideas were lost on others\u201d. HT commented, on occasion, that his most important early\ninfluences were \u201cThe boy electrician,\u201d a love of birds inherited from his brother Gene, and the influence of the University of North Carolina biologist Robert Coker. A warm and wonderful rendering of Gene and HT\u2019s early years can be found in Betty Jean Craige\u2019s \u201cEugene Odum, Ecosystem Ecologist and Environmentalist\u201d (University of Georgia Press, 2002) A number of personal perspectives on HT from former students, his wife, Betty, and colleagues can be found in the last section of \u201cMaximum Power\u201d (Hall, 1996).<\/p>\n<p>Howard T. Odum was essentially an academician throughout his life. He graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1946 majoring in biology. He served in the Air Force during World War II as a tropical meteorologist, where undoubtedly he gained his basic interest in large systems and the energetics behind them. He received his Ph.D. from Yale\nUniversity under the distinguished ecologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson in 1951 (and where he was also influenced by Gordon Riley). He taught at the University of Florida (1950\u20131954), Duke (1954\u20131956), University of Texas (where he directed the Marine Station from 1956 to 1963), and was Chief Scientist at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center (1963\u20131966). He returned to teaching at the University of North Carolina (1966\u20131970) and finally at the University of Florida (1970\u20132002).<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>2. Early and continuing interests: Biogeochemistry<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\">H.T. Odum\u2019s Ph.D. dissertation under G.Evelyn Hutchensen at Yale University dealt with the global strontium cycle. In letters home to his parents and brother Gene (unpublished) he at first showed tremendous excitement about the research possibilities and the fact that his work was related to important \u201chappenings\u201d of the time. Later under the drudgery of\nanalysis after analysis of samples, he wrote that it had lost some of its excitement, but that once the measurements were finished, he was sure it would once again stimulate his interests. In the end, it is obvious that HT never lost his interest for global cycles. These early measurements and the insights they provided seemed to incubate over the years and surfaced again with his interests in lead cycles in the environment and in his most interesting work in the late 1990\u2019s and early part of this century, relating biogeochemical cycles to energy hierarchies and economic cycles.<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>3. Ecosystems and metabolism<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\">Throughout Odum\u2019s career he returned again and again to ecosystem level studies. His first ecosystem studies were conducted on the Silver Springs in the early 1950s. Kemp and Boynton describe how he devised a means of measuring total ecosystem primary production and respiration and quantitatively evaluate energy flow through the ecosystem. Following closely on the heels of the Silver Springs study, Odum teamed up with his brother Gene to measure productivity and estimate trophic structure of a coral reef community in the Pacific. From the coral reefs of the Pacific, HT descended on the Texas Coast where he was director of the University of Texas\u2019 Institute of Marine Sciences at Port Aransas (1956\u20131964). Here, he undertook the daunting task of measuring the Texas Bay ecosystems to determine whole ecosystem metabolism while administering and supporting a faculty that was undertaking many traditional studies in biology and fisheries. While it is hard to pinpoint exactly when Odum struck on ideas (for they often crop up in very early writings as almost random musings), it was during his years at Texas that several threads of his career appeared, including: Ecological Economics, Ecological Engineering and the use of microcosms for ecosystem emulation. In addition, his use of the symbolic systems language he sometimes called \u201cenergetics\u201d blossomed with the \u201cinvention\u201d of the \u201cstorage tank\u201d that Robert Byers attributed to the water storage tanks that dotted the landscape of North Carolina during Odum's childhood and that rural Texas communities used for public water supply.<\/p>\n<p>Following Texas, Odum turned his attention to the rainforests of Puerto Rico\u2019s Luquillo Experimental Forest. As Chief Scientist at the University of Puerto Rico\u2019s Puerto Rican Nuclear Center, he conducted experimental irradiation of the rain forest and once again engaged in the massive undertaking of measuring whole ecosystem metabolism. In this case Odum constructed an enclosure out of plastic sheets to enclose and thus measure CO2 concentrations in inflow and outflow air streams to calculate production and respiration. Odum\u2019s work there, was far more than mere metabolism measurements, as it was manifested in his edited volume \u201cA Tropical Rainforest\u201d, a gigantic book of 1667 pages that is chocked full of data, pictures, diagrams and Odum insights.<\/p>\n<p>Next Odum turned his attention to the cypress swamps of the Florida flatwoods. With a million dollars from the Rockefeller Foundation and the National Science Foundation, he assembled more than a dozen scientists and even more graduate students to study the use of cypress wetlands for waste water recycle.\u00a0 Every aspect of the ecosystems was studied from soil microbiota to insects, to birds and mammals. Measurements were made of whole ecosystem primary production, evapotranspiration and respiration, as well as complete nutrient and hydrological budgets.\u00a0 The book that resulted was \u201cCypress Swamps\u201d, edited by Kathy Ewel and Odum. While the book gives details of \u201c...\u00a0 technical aspects of nutrient cycling mechanisms, productivity rates, producer and consumer diversity patterns and distribution of microorganisms ..., Cypress Swamps also describes the role of cypress wetlands within the larger landscape and underscores the usefulness of wetlands as an interface ecosystem.\u201d<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>4. Ecological Microcosms<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\"><p>\u201cEcological Microcosms\u201d, by Beyers and Odum, is\u201ca big book about small worlds.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It encapsulates in an unselfconscious way the entire spectrum of H.T. Odum\u2019s dynamic and diverse professional life, from its roots in basic ecology to the application of emergy to world-scale social and environmental problems.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To say Odum was a systems scientist is an understatement.\u00a0 Viewing his life\u2019s work as a body of information, theory and application, it is easy to see that his passion was systems ...\u00a0 any scale, any size, any type. Odum\u2019s book, Systems Ecology (Odum, 1983) and later renamed Ecological and General Systems (1994) was a tour-de-force of 644 pages describing the physical, kinetic, energetic, cybernetic, and mathematical underpinnings of his approach and drawing comparisons with over 50 other systems languages.<\/p>\n<p>Odum felt strongly that the broadest spectrum of the population as possible needed to understand systems, not only their organization, but more importantly how they behaved. People needed to understand how systems changed...how they grew, died, reacted to impulses, or reorganized to accommodate new conditions if they were to transform policy making driven by qualitative guesses about outcomes, to quantitative predictions based on system energetics. Odum worked throughout his career to develop a systems language that would make the abstract equations of the mathematical modelers concrete, a symbol language that would allow comparison between systems so that commonalties were evident. While President of the International Society for Systems Sciences, he called for a project to translate models of all scales into systems diagrams so that everyone could better understand them. Odum\u2019s symbol language was also a simulation tool. Diagrams drawn with the symbols were directly translated into mathematical equations, programmed in one of several programming languages and simulated. There exists today a plethora of papers and books that describe the language and the hundreds (probably thousands) of models that were developed.<\/p>\n<p>Odum\u2019s systems theory was grounded in thermodynamics.\u00a0 Yet he was quick to point out where thermodynamics got off the track because of its lack of recognition that all energy is NOT the same form and utility and thus not all forms can be compared directly. Odum was convinced that open systems thermodynamics required a concept of energy quality that took into account the differences in energy form. A major aspect of Odum\u2019s open systems thermodynamics was the Maximum Power principle (later renamed the Maximum Empower Principle). As he stated in his 1994 book, Ecological and General Systems...\u00a0 \u201cMaximization of useful power may be the most general design principle of self-organizing systems.\u201d Odum proposed the maximum empower principle as a fourth law of thermodynamics and later, three other systems principles as the 5th, 6th and 7th laws, which may also be seen as corollaries of the 4th law.<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>5. Ecological engineering<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\">Engineering is generally perceived and presented as a \u201chard\u201d field. The term hard has several meanings in this context. Most engineering, is in fact \u201chard\u201d in that it uses concrete, steel and energy intensive procedures to solve problems. Some say engineering is hard because it uses mathematics and physics that are often difficult to comprehend. But the real sense of engineering is not that it is about concrete or about mathematics but instead about problem solving. Since the 1950s, and even today, one of the largest single engineering problems has been waste treatment. The engineering solution to waste treatment has typically been \u201chard\u201d ... concrete, steel and energy intensive technology.\u00a0 Yet there was, and is, a softer approach. From the early 1950s Odum envisioned a partnership of humanity and nature and since he was keenly aware that nature had no wastes, but instead recycled everything, he was quick to propose a new engineering paradigm\n\u201cEcological Engineering\u201d that capitalized on the recycle potential of natural ecosystems.<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>6.  Environment and society<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\">One of the most important insights that H.T. Odum had was simply to consider humans as a legitimate object of ecological inquiry. This caused him to run into two academic bramble patches simultaneously. Many ecologists, focused on the sanctity of their beloved nature, were used to (and still do) view humans as something outside of nature, rather than as a\nlegitimate part of a new, evolving nature. On the other hand the study of humanity, in the view of many, is properly done only under the aegis of social scientists, who trumpet \u201cfree-will\u201d and thus no causality and especially no determinism. In contradiction to both of these world views Odum believed... \u201cMuch of the earth is occupied by humanity, either as part of\necosystems or interfacing as users and controllers. Where humans comprise a major part, new kinds of systems evolve with human culture at the hierarchical center. Information processing, social structure, symbolism, money, political power, and war become important components along with the vegetation, consumer organisms, and the inanimate work of the\nbiosphere.\u201d ...<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>7. Ecology and economics<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\">Of all the social sciences, economics affects us the most. Odum made some very explicit initial observations that are the essence of two principles of economics that are missed by virtually all economists. These are that money is not a measure of value, but rather simply a means of exchange. Another important insight from Odum is that the flow of energy in properly functioning ecosystems was critical to economic activity. He did not believe that the ways that pollutants impacted nature were \u201cexternalities\u201d but rather an erosion of the necessary capital machinery provided by nature that was necessary for all economic activity.<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>8. Emergy analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\">Of all the social sciences, economics affects us the most. Odum made some very explicit initial observations that are the essence of two principles of economics that are missed by virtually all economists. These are that money is not a measure of value, but rather simply a means of exchange. Another important insight from Odum is that the flow of energy in properly functioning ecosystems was critical to economic activity. He did not believe that the ways that pollutants impacted nature were \u201cexternalities\u201d but rather an erosion of the necessary capital machinery provided by nature that was necessary for all economic activity.<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>9. A prosperous way down<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\">If indeed the oil-gas world is a one shot deal, if humanity has built up far more infrastructure and human numbers than can be supported without the influx of this very special stuff petroleum, what kind of a future is in store for us? The response of most is to say \u201cOK, we need to figure out some other energy source, solar panels, windmills, nuclear or whatever\u201d. Howard Odum thought that oil was special, that he was living through a one shot run of history when fuel would be cheap. Odum always thought that if a full, comprehensive analysis was made of all the necessary inputs then there would be few if any other energy sources that could match petroleum, which after all is the net production of some ancient ecosystems. Some thirty years after the \u201cenergy crunches\u201d of the 1970s, despite a great deal of effort, there is no obvious competition for petroleum (or coal) on the horizon, at least at the scale required. Some alternatives, such as nuclear, look even less immediately promising. We do not know exactly when we will \u201crun out of cheap oil\u201d but it is almost certainly within a generation and maybe much sooner So the last best thing Odum left us was a plan for dealing with what he believed to be an inevitable future in the book \u201cA Prosperous Way Down\u201d<\/div><\/div>\n<h5 class='dt-sc-toggle-accordion '><a href='#'><strong>10. Philosophical overview of the contributions of H.T. Odum<\/strong><\/a><\/h5><div class=\"dt-sc-toggle-content\" style=\"display: none;\"><div class=\"block\">It is certainly much too early to understand the full contribution of Howard Odum\u2019s science to the long haul, but this is a good place to start this effort.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class='dt-sc-titled-box  avocado'><h6 class='dt-sc-titled-box-title'  style=\"color:#ffffff;\"> <span class='fa fa fa-bookmark '><\/span> REFERENCES<\/h6><div class='dt-sc-titled-box-content'>Hall, C.A.S., Tharakan, P.J., Hallock, J., Cleveland, C., Jefferson, M., in press. Hydrocarbons and the evolution of human culture.\u00a0 Nature 426, 318-322.<\/p>\n<p>Craige, B.J., 2002. Eugene Odum, Ecosystem Ecologist and Environmentalist. University of Georgia Press, Athens.<\/p>\n<p>Odum, H.T., Odum, E.C. 2001. A Prosperous Way Down. University Press of Colorado. Boulder.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e5nsson, B.\u00c5., McGlade, J.M., 1993. Ecology thermodynamics and Odum\u2019s conjectures. Oecologia 93, 582\u2013596.<\/p>\n<p>Odum, H.T. 1994. Ecological and General Systems. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO.\nHall, C.A.S. (Ed.), 1996. Maximum Power: the Ideas and Applications of H.T. Odum. University Press of Colorado, Niwot,\nCO.<\/p>\n<p>Odum, H.T., Wojcik, W., Pritchard Jr., L., Ton, S., Delfino, J.J., Wojcik, M., Leszczynski, S., Patel, J.D., Doherty, S.J., Stasik, J.\u00a0 (Eds.) 2000. Heavy Metals in the Environment, Using Wetlands for Their Removal. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 326 pp.<\/p>\n<p>Odum, H.T. 1953. Environment Power and Society. Wiley, New York.<\/p>\n<p>Odum, H.T. 1983. Systems Ecology: An Introduction. Wiley, 644 pp<\/p>\n<p>Odum, H.T. 1996. Environmental Accounting. Wiley, New York.<\/p>\n<p>Odum, H.T. 2007. Environment, Power, and Society for the Twenty-first Century. Columbia University Press. New York,\n418 pp<\/p>\n<p>Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences\nBox 116350, University of Florida, Gainesville\nFL 32611-6350, USA<\/div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div  class='dt-sc-callout-box type4 ' ><div class=\"column dt-sc-four-fifth first\"><h4>By-laws of the Emergy Society<\/h4>\n<h5>The purpose of this society is to foster and promote the scientific\nunderstanding of the concept...<\/h5><\/div><div class=\"column dt-sc-one-fifth\"><a href='\/by-laws-of-the-emergy-society\/' class='dt-sc-button small' target='_self' >More<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Through the MACROSCOPE: the legacy of H.T. Odum In the world of science that we live in there are two kinds of people: Odumites and others. This is not simply [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5362","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5362"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5452,"href":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5362\/revisions\/5452"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emergysociety.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}